Hydraulic Fracturing For Natural Gas And Oil Production

Sandra Ezidiegwu Policy Paper Hydraulic Fracturing for Natural Gas and Oil Production Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a technology that has been in use in the oil and natural gas industry for many years dating back to 1947 producing over six hundred trillion cubic feet of natural gas and over seven billion barrels of oil. In today’s world, further steps have been taken by merging horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing in an effort to increase productivity of natural gas and oil. In the US economy today, the increasing implementation of this merger of technologies has brought about energy security, economic growth and plenty of jobs and also many conflicts about its environmental effects as well as its effects on the community†¦show more content†¦Clearly, this is an issue that needs to be addressed in order to create peace of mind and preserve a safe source of energy security. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 0 MAIN BODY 2 MYTHS FINDINGS 4 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 5 CONCLUSION 9 REFERENCES 10 Main Body On a federal level, governing the process of hydraulic fracturing in the natural gas and oil industry are a collaboration of three agencies, the department of energy (DOE), the department of the interior (DOI) and the environmental protection agency (EPA) , which various legislative acts and policies authorize standards under. In addition, States are free to regulate hydraulic fracturing as they see fit, with the exception that state regulations must meet the minimum requirements of any applicable federal regulations. With each agency having a different core competence from the other, the joint association of the three provides a solid support to safer practicing of hydraulic fracturing. This approach to oil and gas industry regulations has led to varying levels of complexity in the regulatory process encountered by companies in different states. The current acts related to hydraulic fracturing include: i. The Natural Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), which assures that all branches of the government give proper consideration to the environment prior to the undertaking of actions that have

The Author of the Black Death John Aberth Essay - 828 Words

Author, John Aberth was born on July 6, 1963. He currently lives in Roxbury, Vermont and serves as an associate academic dean at Castleton State College. There he teaches several history class. He has also taught at many other colleges in Vermont, including the University of Vermont. In 1992, John Aberth received his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in Medieval Studies after he received his masters from the University of Leeds. He is the author of five books, whose main focus is the effects of the Black Death in the later Middle Ages, including The First Horsemen: Disease in Human History, The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350, and A Knight at the Movies: Medieval History on Film. Published in 2001, From the Brink of the†¦show more content†¦Aberth dedicates the first section to the First Horseman, Famine. The beginning of the chapter is focused on the decline of medicine in the Middle Ages. He insists that mens actions led to famine by ways of warfare, mon ies, and the provision of armies. The second chapter is devoted to the Second Horseman, War. The most famous war during the Middle Ages is the Hundred Years War. It is there that Aberth begins his chapter. He explains that the shift from chivalry to a new desire and determination to exterminate the enemy (p. 63) is the cause of war. The third chapter is committed to the third horseman, Plague. Many previous scholars believed the death rates from the Black Plague were between one-fourth and one-third of the population. Through careful research Aberth revised those numbers and increased them to about forty percent. â€Å"He asserts that there is no link between hunger and disease, citing a high death rate among the well-fed monks of Canterbury and the secular nobility, Edson Piedmont from Choice Reviews. The fourth chapter is concerned with the fourth horseman, Death. Aberth observed many artifacts and tombs built during the Middle Ages. He found that the tombs portrayed the dead as decaying corpses. He also studied the Dance of Death who purpose was to create hope of resurrection, salvation, and eternal life. The topic on which John Aberth chose to write about is interesting to many people, including youngerShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper Proposal: The Black Death1171 Words   |  5 Pagesinto consideration the perspectives of the individuals that lived and died as a result of the Black Death, specifically from the year 1348 CE – 1350 CE and in the better known parts of the world during that period, the reactions, preventative measure that were taken to combat the plague, the religious and governmental response. In the collection of primary sources amassed by John Aberth in The Black Death, 1348-1350: the great mortality of 1348-1350 ; a brief history with documents1 he very succinctlyRead MoreAnti Semitism On France Before, During And Post Dreyfus Affair2837 Words   |  12 Pagesthemselves have stuck to their religious roots and have not given up on their culture or their beliefs in spite of risking violence and hatred from many cultures that they live amongst. In France especially, the history of anti-semitism stems back from the Black Plague of Europe and rose and fell depending of the emotional standing of the people of the country and different times. This paper will discuss the history of this anti-semitism in france, the historical events that caused much strife for the jewish

Through the Eyes of a Snow Man Free Essays

Mason Ochocki Through the Eyes of a Snow Man Many people have a very positive connotation with the word â€Å"snowman†. For most, it summons memories of asking Mom for carrots or some spare buttons, and of rolling giant snowballs into a form that resembles a giant ant more so than an actual human being. Such is not the case with the Wallace Stevens poem, The Snow Man. We will write a custom essay sample on Through the Eyes of a Snow Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now No warm and fuzzy feelings are recalled in a close reading of this single sentence poem. Here, the snowman functions as a metaphor of a metaphor, a device that seems to be frequently used in Romantic poetry.The snowman represents the â€Å"mind of winter†, which relates to the abstract concept of true nothingness. Through the use of the image of the snowman, Stevens crafts a poem that deals with ideas of objectivity, human consciousness, and imagination versus reality. In this poem, questions are raised as to whether or not the speaker even believes humans to be a part of the wintry scene that makes up the surroundings, apart from what our own perceptions tell us. The poem begins with a deceptively simple description of a seemingly desolate winter landscape.The images, such as the â€Å"pine trees crusted with snow† and the â€Å"junipers shagged with ice†, are creatively stirring, and manage to accommodate feelings of morose and possibly misery. As the poem reads on, the reader is taken past the point of imaginative descriptions into a world of nothingness, as cold as the snowman himself. To truly understand the beauty of the winter scene, it is necessary, as the speaker implies, to view it through the eyes of the snowman. Actually, it even takes it a step further.Rather than viewing it through snowman’s actual eyes, which are probably made of coal anyway, one must actually become the snowman, which is, for all intents and purposes, an inanimate object. By doing this, one is stripped of everything that makes them different from this man made of snow. All outside influence evaporates, and the reader is thrown into a world where they can be completely objective. The winter scene is expanded, and the cold no longer causes any diversion from normalcy. It is here where the reader can hear all of the sounds of the wintry scene.Stevens makes almost excessive use of the â€Å"s† sound in words such as â€Å"snow†, â€Å"listens†, and â€Å"listener†. It is also found in the word â€Å"sound† itself on three occasions, and the word â€Å"same† on two. It seems that in this poem, the pronoun â€Å"one† refers to the speaker, almost as if he is identifying himself as any or every person. Having the mind of winter is to have the mind of the snowman. Winter can be seen as exactly as it is, with no internal or external influence, and with no imaginative prospects. It is only this way that the speaker can literally see â€Å"nothing that is not there†, but also, the tangible â€Å"nothing that is†. This, in my opinion, relates to the concept of objectivity. Objectivity is defined by Webster as â€Å"judgment based on observable phenomena and uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices†. In his own mind, the speaker would hear â€Å"misery in the sound of the wind†. This is because the speaker has real human emotions and imagination that causes him to attach feelings to the scene that don’t necessarily exist there. In the mind of the snowman, however, there is nothing more than â€Å"the sound of the land, full of the same wind, that is blowing in the same bare place. But, it also must be said that maybe the snowman sees nothing and feels nothing only because he is nothing himself. In the same way that the human mind projects its own emotions onto the world around it, the unconscious snowman leaves it empty, because his reality is no reality at all. Reading through this poem, one cannot help but to think about the concept of true nothingness. Stevens touches upon it by referring to â€Å"the nothing that is†, but it seems as though it is part of a much greater idea.From a rational standpoint, one would assume that â€Å"nothing† is merely the absence of â€Å"something†. In this poem, however, nothing is something tangible. It is something that exists within the world of the snowman and it cannot be ignored. This leads to the conclusion that true nothingness, as a concept, cannot really exist. The human race exists in a universe where what is perceived with senses and basic instinct is the only thing that can be relied upon. The limits of reality are largely unknown to anyone, and therefore ruling out any possibilities would be irrational.In order for true nothing to actually exist, it can’t exist. How does one differentiate the nothing to be, from the nothing that never was? It would seem, in large part, that the speaker is pondering this question while looking at a snowman. The existence of an actual snowman within the poem is debatable, as it might just be a clever metaphor evoked by the title. Either way, it doesn’t really affect the meaning, just the image that comes to mind when reflecting on the scene. This may be because it is worth noting that the poem’s title is â€Å"The Snow Man†.This is interesting because, typically, the word â€Å"snowman† is one word and not two. This would suggest that it isn’t really referring to a mock human sculpture made out of large snowballs, but rather an actual man standing in the open snow. In the Cormac McCarthy novel The Road, there is a very memorable quote that reads, â€Å"Not all dying words are true†. What this means is that situations are, for the most past, irrelevant—that no matter what the circumstances, one must still be aware and conscious of the fact that human error is inevitable.The poem seems to elaborate on this in many aspects. The snowman can never be dishonest, because he can only accept things exactly as they are. The snowman has no ulterior motives, no emotions, and no ways to possibly reflect what he has learned upon his surrounding environment. Having a â€Å"mind of winter† allows one to be like the snowman. Without the capacity for imagination, the scene exists exactly as it is, if at all. With imagination, the landscape is skewed. It presents infinite possibilities for interpretations, exaggerations, and falsifications.This is the point where absolute truth cannot exist in a world where humans can’t determine the full extent of nature’s role in their reality. â€Å"The junipers shagged with ice, (and) the spruces rough in the distant glitter† provide thought-provoking imagery that is both moving and powerful. It presents a world of interpretation and re-interpretation that only a human mind can comprehend. The snowman, however, is presented with none of these options. He has no mind, and therefore he has a greater capacity for truth than a real person ever can.Being like the snowman allows one to appreciate the serene beauty of the scene without thinking about the effects it will have on them. The human condition is meaningless to a snowman, and therefore, if he is to die out in the cold, his dying words will be nothing but the utmost truth. The Snow Man by Wallace Stevens is a poem that can be interpreted in a vast amount of ways. It is only a single sentence, and yet, it says so much. It is just short and vague enough to mean different things to almost anyone who eads it, yet long and illustrated enough that these interpretations can be elaborated upon and put into practice. By using the image of the snowman, Stevens manages to create a poem that deals with concepts of objectivity, human perception, and deep concepts of created imagination and reality. Would an actual â€Å"mind of winter† be able to take anything from this poem at all, or would it just accept it for what it is on the surface? It seems that the answer lies within the snowman, who will forever remain unspoken. How to cite Through the Eyes of a Snow Man, Papers

Payola Scandal at Sony Music Essay Example For Students

Payola Scandal at Sony Music Essay Explain why Des are such important stakeholders in the music industry. Why it is crucial to have closely knit relationship with them? Des are important stakeholders in the music industry since Des pre-selects the songs that are going to be played on the radio and the songs that get to be played on the radio will generate commercial success. Therefore it is crucial for record companies to have closely knit relationships with the Des in order to solicit favors from the Des to play and promote their portfolio of songs in order to ensure their portfolio of songs will generate commercial success. Payola is illegal; why was it particularly crucial for the record companies to settle the lawsuit swiftly (I. E. Why could Sony not afford a legitimacy crisis of this scale in the eyes of its relevant stakeholders)? Give reason why particular stakeholders would be displeased by the unfolding of events. It was crucial for the record companies to settle the lawsuit swiftly since they were engaged in their allegation against illegal file-sharing networks and their reputation was significantly Jeopardized by the payola affair. The payola affair had weaken their legal position in the file-sharing trial. If they lost the file-sharing trial, then file- sharing would become legal. Then consumers would no longer buy records anymore but instead they would Just download songs from the file-sharing network. Then the record companies would lose their source of revenue from selling records. 3. What steps would you take to avert further damage in terms of corporate social responsibility, after the payola scandal unfolded? Explain your answer. In order to avert further reputation damage, the records companies could engage in a number of corporate social responsibilities activities such as charity events or lend a support to a cause (e. Against drug abuse or bullies). A charity event could be a fund raising concerts where proceeds from the concerts could go to charitable organizations/foundations or directly to the victims of diseases/illness or natural disasters. Support to a cause could be done in number of ways for example financially or education. Financially supporting a cause could be done by donating a few percent from the sale of a record to the cause. While support to cause through education could be done by promoting the cause in their merchandises especially in the cover of their records. Payola Scandal at Sony Music By totalitarian

Antigone Creon is a Failed Statesman essays

Antigone Creon is a Failed Statesman essays Three dead bodies, angry Gods, and a bad omen foreseen by a prophet come true. Such are the effects of a foolish kings actions. In Sophocless Antigone, Creon fails as a statesman because of three primary faults: he makes governing decisions without taking advice from others, he abuses his absolute power as a king, and he has an extremely quick and volatile temper. The foremost of Creons faults is making his decisions without first consulting and receiving an opinion from other people. For example, Creon and Haemon argue whether Antigones actions are honorable: Since when do I take my orders from the people of Thebes? (Sc. 3.628-630). Creon is being very stubborn and refuses to even think about the thoughts of his people whom he governs. Creon uses his absolute power to ensure his opinion as the correct and only belief, and he does not even take into consideration the view of the Theban civilians. In addition, when Teiresias comes to give counsel, the prophet blames the king of Thebes for all the disatrous omens. Creon, in turn, accuses Teiresias of bribery and falsehood. The foolish king again shows his obstinacy by not listening to advice from anyone. This time it is much worse because he is brushing aside the words of Teiresias, a prophet who had yet to ever be proven wrong. Creon is not being fair and just to the people, and Teiresi as warns him to be reasonable. Even with this warning, the king still does not change his opinion and misuses his power. Not taking guidance from other people can be a statesmans most serious mistake, and for Creon this is the fault which starts the entire sequence of events leading up to the death of his family. Abusing ones power can also lead to a downfall as a leader, and for Creon it is another fault which leads to his spectacular failure as a statesman. For instance, Creon issues a decree that Polynices is to be left for the wild animals...

July 2012 Essays

July 2012 Essays July 2012 Essay July 2012 Essay Poverty is an universal issue that become a social phenomenal that happen nearly to every countries including in advanced countries. In Malaysia many effort been taken by government to abolish poverty issue since independent day. The results show the poverty rate is reduced by 8. 5 percent in 1999 to 5. 7 percent in 2004. However this poverty rate did not show the exact group of society. It only showed the overall poverty rate in Malaysia.We cannot define the group that usually live in poor living standard. Disable people is happen to be in disability condition that significantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual. There are various types of disabilities including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. This disability can hamper or reduce a persons ability to carry out their day activities. There are several international research studies have been done to study on the relation of poverty and disability.From the research show that there are positive relationship between poverty and disability which explain that disability is also contribute to the poverty. Even there also research found that disabled people usually live in poor by generation to generation, (Yeo ; Moore,2003 ; Hoogeveen, 2005 ; Elwan, 1999). Although there are several research been done but most of it is studied on other country which only little research been done towards disabled people in this country. Eventually overall poor people and disabled profiling still not been collected by continually and systematic.The proposition is, does mostly disable people is having poor living of standard? What is the basic income of living for disable people? And did poverty actually related with disability? Therefore, this study is an effort to build profiling data for disable people in Selangor area. Indirectly this study is also help to bring awareness about d isable people circumstances which people might only see by one eye and does not bothered PROBLEM STATEMENT This topic was chooses due to several issues concerning that happening related with poverty.Due to ‘’Rancangan Malaysia Ke-10’’ RMK10, the government is concern to civilian and going to increase the society standard of living, however there have been several research studies identify that usually disable society is live in poor which generation by generation. So thus this research true and did the government plan able to help the disable people life. Next, in the announced of Budget 2012, government is doing KAR1SMA project that spending RM1. 4 billion in this programme. Government spending RM332 million for disable people (OKU) but individual disabled people will get from RM150 –RM300.However according to Assisted Therapy for the Disabled and Elderly Association (Petpositive) president Anthony Thanasayan, â€Å" the budget given was the worse because it is like disabled people hardly got anything and they need at least RM500 monthly to sustain a decent living†. This was written in the association website. From here, this issue can be related with poor living life that disabled people faces. On top of that, according to ‘’Berita Harian’’(3 April 2011) newspaper stated that from the Malaysia Statistic Department, poverty rate in Malaysia are decline from 1970 (49. 3%) to 2009 (3. 8%).However does this also showing that the rate for disabled poor people is also decreasing. Due to the issues, this study will make survey to find the true situation that happen towards the disabled people. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE The main objective of this project paper is to do a case study that related with poverty among the disabled people. From here the objectives to achieve for this project paper are: 1. To analyze current situation of people with disability. 2. To identify the quality of life of people with di sability.. 3. To identify the factors that effects the quality of life of people with disability.SCOPE OF STUDY This study will analyze on the disable society which is working and non-working in Selangor and Wilayah Persekutuan area at age above 20. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework that we try to investigate is towards several factors that might effects disable people quality of life. The dependent variable is quality of life (income), which is the variable of primary interest. This study is attempt to explain the variance in this dependent variable by the six independent variables of (1) healthcare, (2) education level, (3) personal emotion, (4) social community, and (5) job employment.METHODOLOGY Data for this study will be obtains from primary sources. Data will be collect by questionnaire towards disabled people in Selangor area. The questionnaire is to get the personal information such as age, education level, marital status and income. Other methods of data coll ection will also be applies like observations studies which to identify the rate of poverty according to years and statistic of disabled people. After collect the data, then data will be analyze and testing to get finding which will show the results either null hypothesis is accepted or reject.DEFINATION OF TERMS Impairment: An individual’s condition – physical, sensory, intellectual or behavioural Disability: A complex system of social restrictions imposed on people with impairments resulting in a denial of rights and equal opportunities. Disabled people or people with disabilities: The chosen terminology of the disability movement varies between cultures and languages. In this document is used term of disabled people, as this is favoured in the UK. However in other countries the disability movement prefers people with disabilities.Inclusive Policies: Policies which acknowledge that socially excluded, poor or vulnerable people are not a homogeneous group and that dis abled people have a right to be included in poverty alleviation and development work. Chronic Poverty: For these purposes, chronic poverty is defined as those who are intergenerationally poor and also experience multi-dimensional poverty (income, education, social capital etc. ). Self- Help groups: groups and organisations which come together to address the causes of their oppression, discrimination or poverty and to advocate for inclusion. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEWCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2. 1 Introduction . 10 2. 2 International Migration Theories . 13 2. 3 International Migration and Paid Domestic Workers in Malaysia .. 18 2. 4 Conclusion .. 3 According to G. M. Monawar Hosain, David Atkinson, and Peter Underwood (2002) in their study is about Impact of Disability on Quality of Life of Rural Disabled People in Bangladesh. The method of their research is conducted a door-to-door survey in two villages in Bangladesh to collect socioeconomic and demographic information o n the villagers and for identification of disabled people. Information on disability and how it affected their life was also obtained either from the disabled people or from their caregivers by interviewing them.The finding revealed that disability had a devastating effect on the quality of life of the disabled people with a particularly negative effect on their marriage, educational attainment, employment, and emotional state. Disability also jeopardized their personal, family and social life. More than half of the disabled people were looked at negatively by society. Disabled women and girl children suffered more from negative attitudes than their male counterparts, resulting in critical adverse effects on their psychological and social health.The recommendations are a combination of educational, economic and intensive rehabilitative measures should be implemented urgently to make them self-reliant. Collaborative communication between professionals and parents, behavioural counsel ling, formation of a self-help group, and comprehensive support to families will reduce their suffering. According to Charles Lwanga and Ntale in their study of poverty (situation, dynamics, and impact) has received much impetus in the last 10 years in Uganda.Evidence from the country’s Household Surveys and the recently concluded Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) has yielded much needed policy-relevant information. Emerging evidence from the studies confirms an intrinsic and mutually reinforcing link between poverty and disability. This study focuses on the relationship between chronic poverty and disability in the country, and it argues that disabled people are not only among the poorest of the poor in the country, but that they remain poor for very long periods of time, and from generation to generation.The study seeks to: (a) summarise the current state of knowledge about disability and chronic poverty in Uganda; (b) discuss the factors that disabled people in  "perpetual poverty†; (c) describe the efforts that are presently being made to address longduration poverty among disabled persons in the country; and (d) propose policy interventions aimed at greater inclusion of disabled people in the country’s development processes.The study adopts Hulme and Shepherd’s definition, taking chronic poverty to be that poverty where individuals or households are trapped in severe and multi-dimensional poverty for an extended period of time, and where poverty is linked with the intergenerational transmission, so people who are born in poverty, live in poverty and pass that poverty onto their children (Hulme and Shepherd,2001).Evidence from the study confirms that disabled people, as individuals, or the households in which they live, face a kind of poverty condition that carries on for a long period of time beyond five (5) years, during which period, and regardless of different macro and micro interventions, affected households or i ndividuals are unable to sustain themselves or to improve on their livelihoods. A three-stage process was followed in the study.Stage 1 involved a comprehensive review of both published and grey literature on disability and poverty in Uganda. Stage 2 was the actual fieldwork. This was conducted in four randomly-selected districts representing the country’s geographical regions of East (Iganga District), West (Mbarara District) and Central (Mukono District). Stage 3 was a detailed analysis of the findings from the study through a series of internal workshops, discussion and synthesis.Each round of visits to a given site was preceded by a pre-visit to make appointments, agree meeting places, and to sound out potential respondents. More focused meetings were held subsequently, delving further into the situation of disabled people, but taking care at appropriate moments to separate men from women, youth from elderly disabled, and people of different categories of disability. Qual itative research methods were used, mostly drawing on PRA/PLA methodology.The finding show (1) the number of disabled people in both rural and urban areas is considerable, though detailed knowledge of specific proportions of the different disabilities is still lacking, (2) disabled people are facing various forms of exclusion, isolation and neglect and this condemns them to perpetual (chronic) poverty. (3) Different categories of disabled people have different needs and are differently affected by poverty. (4) Existing poverty-focused policies and programmes, in their present form, are nadequate in addressing the needs of disabled people with respect to poverty eradication. Available evidence from Uganda so far confirms that disability has a close relationship with chronic poverty, but that the detailed nature of this relationship needs to be further explored. According to Lauren Graham, Lisa Selipsky, Jacqueline Moodley and Jennifer Maina with Dr William Rowland study on the ways i n which poverty and disability are linked and how each compounds the experience in an urban setting.The research was conducted in eight of the poorest wards in Johannesburg and sought to understand how people who had indicated in a previous household survey that they were either living with a disability or were too ill to work, cope in a situation of poverty. The research sought to assess livelihood opportunities, access to education and health care, social networks and support as well as life satisfaction.A mixed-methods approach (Greene, 2008) was employed. This was used to ensure that statistically significant data pertaining to the conditions under which poor people with a disability live were generated in addition to qualitative in-depth data regarding the day-to-day life experiences of a poor person living with a disability. This allowed for triangulation of data and provided information that is rich and contextual, as well as significant for the sample.The research design was framed from a livelihoods perspective, which is underpinned by an assets-approach to poverty (Sen, 1999). Questions posed were therefore intended to understand coping and resilience mechanisms in terms of livelihoods rather than focusing on deficits and challenges. That said, the ability of disabled and chronically ill respondents is obviously constrained by certain factors, which are also assessed.The method involved re-analysing data that had been collected during the Johannesburg Poverty and Livelihoods Study (JPLS) that was conducted in 2007 by the CSDA (de Wet, Patel, Korth ; Forrester, 2008); conducting a follow up survey with members of households who in the 2007 survey had indicated that they were either disabled or too ill to work; conducting semi-structured interviews with fifteen respondents; and conducting one in-depth interview which resulted in a case study of a particular individual who is disabled.From this study show the finding that demonstrated how disability and poverty are intimately linked. What is clear from the findings of this report is that the situation of poverty, with its outcomes including lack of livelihood opportunities and limited access to education serve to provide disabling contexts in which a person living with a disability or chronic illness is less able to demonstrate his or her ability and reach his or her full potential.As a result, it is imperative that initiatives aimed at dealing with the delivery of basic services to all people, including those living with disabilities and chronic illnesses, remain an utmost priority. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY SOCIAL COMMUNITY PERSONAL EMOTION QUALITY OF LIFE HEALTH EDUCATION JOB

Biology Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology Question - Essay Example The neurons transmit information to each other through the dendrites. Action potentials are however comparably large in size. They signal strength of stimulus by frequency and not by amplitude. Graded potentials on the other hand are generated in dendrites and sensory receptors. Graded potentials sometimes generate action potentials and thus referred to as generator potentials. In case of an incoming signal, a pre synaptic excitatory neuron fires releasing neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft. Consequently, if the transmitter binds to the post synaptic dendritic membrane, it elicits a transient depolarization called Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSPs) (Akers and Denbow 214). Inhibitory neurons on the other hand, elicit partial hyper-polarizations known as Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs) (Akers and Denbow 214). Summarily, EPSPs and IPSPs are both graded potentials. Finally, a number of pre synaptic neurons maybe firing simultaneously, hence impacting on the level of activity of post synaptic neurons. Hence, the total potential in the post synaptic neuron; that is, Grand Post Synaptic Potential (GPSP) is a summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs occurring approximately simultaneously (Dowling 242). 2) What is the functional significance of spatial and temporal summation being performed by axon hillocks of neurons? Axon hillock is the most excitable portion of a neuron. It is the region at the beginning of an axon. Action potentials are generated in this region. The occurrence of an action potential at the axon hillock is by either temporal summation or spatial summation. Action potentials usually occur in three stages, namely Resting, Depolarization and Repolarization phases. (Brown, Miller and Eason 223).Temporal summation simply refers to addition of a number of EPSPs that manifest close together in time, as a result of a subsequent firing of a single presynaptic neuron. Conversely, spatial summation refers to addition of EPSPs originating at the same time from several pre-synaptic neurons (Sherwood 107). This implies that the position of a synapse on the neuron is significant in determining the generation of an action potential. Summarily, synapses closer to the axon hillock have higher level of activity than those further away. Furthermore, the central integrative state of a neuron is also determined by temporal and spatial summation (Beck 135). 3) How are action potentials generated at axon hillocks and propagated along unmyelinated axons? Action potential is propagated along unmyelinated axon by a mechanism known as continuous propagation. The membrane is considered as a sequence of adjacent segments. The action potential starts at the initial segment. In the first step, the transmembrane potential becomes briefly positive, rather than negative. In the second step, a local current develops due to the influx of sodium ions into the cytosol and extracellular fluid, and in step three and four, the local current spreads in all directions hence depolarizing adjacent segments of the membrane. Usually, the axon hillock like the rest of the cell body, cannot respond with action potential because it lacks gated ion channels. However, when the initial portion of the axon is depolarized to threshold, an action potential develops there. The process thus proceeds in a chain reaction until distant portions of cell are afflicted. Every time a local current occurs, action potential moves forward, and not backward, since

Paul's First Missionary Journey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Paul's First Missionary Journey - Essay Example Table of Contents Introduction 2 Dating Issues 5 Bringing God’s Message to the Gentiles 9 Implications for the Church 19 Conclusion 20 Bibliography 21 Introduction Paul was born in Tarsus as Saul1, into a devout Jewish family that brought him up â€Å"a member of the people of Israel, a Hebrew...; as to the law, a Pharisee†23. By that time, Tarsus was the metropolis of Cilicia, which had been administered by the governor of the Roman province of Syria4. There is a little mention of the city of Tarsus in the scriptures5; however, having been written about the time of Paul, Strabo’s Geography presents a more detailed account of the issue, stating that the city of Tarsus possessed a flourishing and powerful population, and all kinds of schools of rhetoric6. Another description of Tarsus is given by Flavius Philostratus in his Life of Apollonius, where the city is considered â€Å"harsh and strange and little conductive to the philosophic life†, and its citize ns nowhere else more addicted to luxury7. From looking at these accounts of Paul’s place of birth, one would envisage an important city, whose self-confident inhabitants lived more or less a comfortable life, in a â€Å"proud and virile atmosphere of mental and physical achievement†8. According to Paul’s own words, not only could his family trace their line of descent back to â€Å"the tribe of Benjamin†9 – they also adhered very strictly to the way of life regulated by the stipulations of the Jewish law – â€Å"circumcised on the eighth day†10 – and maintained close ties with the Jewish community in Palestine11. Some scholars point out that the traditional concept of Paul’s personality could be traced back to the second-century apocryphal Acts of Paul –â€Å"Small of stature, balding, bow legs, large eyes, eyebrows meeting, nose slightly hooked†, with appearance â€Å"full of grace†, sometimes looki ng â€Å"more like an angel than a man†12. On the other hand, his writings imply a sign of specific weakness – â€Å"a thorn was given to me in the flesh†13, which has been variously interpreted in terms of a physical defect, whether epilepsy, leprosy, or even stigmata14. Compelling evidence of Paul’s education is provided throughout his letters, insofar as some of his ideas, theological assertions, and terminology could be paralleled in rabbinic Judaism15; however, an explicit account of the issue is found in Acts of the Apostles – â€Å"brought up in this city at the feet of Gamaliel, educated strictly according to our ancestral law†16. On the other hand, the style of Paul’s letters, e.g. literary patterns, hint other educational influences, namely Roman, Hellenistic stoic philosophy, etc.17 The turning point in Paul’s life – from a persecutor of the Church of God to the apostolic commission to preach the word of God t o the Gentiles – is widely believed to have taken place during the Damascus episode18. Nevertheless, Paul’s own account in his letter to the Galatians speaks of the continuity of divine action19, which had actually began before his birth – â€Å"†¦God, who had set me apart before I was born and called me through his grace, was pleased to reveal his Son to me, so

Technology is impacting daily lives in many ways, especially children Essay

Technology is impacting daily lives in many ways, especially children. Examine the bad effects of technology on the health, education and social life of children in - Essay Example With the advance of technology more and more children are no longer favoring playing beyond the walls of their homes instead their play times have been replaced with long hours of sitting in front of the TV, play station Xbox or on the internet posting videos on you tube, or on twitter and face book if not gaming online. According to Jones, R. (2005) Children need a minimum of 1hr of play per day to ensure they maintain their social life. This poses the danger of mis-information on the children who unlike adults can tell a hoax from the real thing. This ends only confusing children and setting them up for long-term mental failure. According to Graeme, P. (2012) of the Telegraph however points at an even more serious problem â€Å"a generation of children risks growing up with obsessive personalities, poor self-control, short attention spans and little empathy because of an addiction to social networking websites such as Twitter.†(para 4) Furthering this Graeme, P. (2012) of The Telegraph states, â€Å"Young people’s brains were failing to develop properly after being overexposed to the cyber world at an early age† (para 5) according to Chelsea C. and James P. S. (2012) CNN article children were on average doing more than 3000 texts a month. The report notes that unlike the earlier days children are spending more and more time in the media more than with their teachers or parents leaving the paren ting and educating to the cyberspace. The bad effect equally applies to the learning process with the internet largely filled with unverifiable health information. Apart from academic sites linked to universities, colleges and reliable libraries, many websites are full with unverifiable information. Baumeister, R. & Bushman, B. (2011) note that it is important to note that, the minds of children are like sheets of a blank books waiting to be filled. With the current

Terminology And Description Of Human Movement English Language Essay

Terminology And Description Of Human Movement English Language Essay If you have ever gone to the doctors with an injured joint or muscle, you will notice that doctors use a special terminology. When referring to the patient, for example, they might report limited range of motion or patient cannot flex forcefully or subject reports pain during abduction of the humerus. This scientific or medical type terminology has been developed over 100s of years to allow very precise and concise description of movement of human body parts. When used correctly it allows one to totally understand a movement pattern without actually being able to see it, but more importantly, it allows for correct describing of human movement. This same terminology is also used in the field of exercise science and kinesiology to describe the movements in sports, games and injuries. In this chapter we will take a detailed look at the language and terms used in human movement terminology. As we aforementioned, this specific terminology is also used in the exercise science field and throughout all healthcare professions. This specific terminology, also called nomenclature, may sound a little technical, but it helps ensure that we know exactly what someone means and there is little room for discrepancy. For example, one could say the soccer player was swinging her leg. By this we could mean swinging front to back or side to side whereas if we say flexion and extension of the femur we would realize this meant swinging from front to back. There is a comprehensive list of movement terminology that basically allows us to describe every movement in our body and we even have specific terms that are used only with particular body parts. For example, our feet and hands have specific terminology such as plantar flexion and ulnar deviation. We will look at this terminology in detail to allow us to be able to fully describe the vast majority of basic human movements. However befor e we consider the details of specific movement terminology let us look at some related motion terminology. Forms of Motion Virtually all human movements are a combination of movements occurring in different directions. In the next section we will see that these directions are actually referred to as planes and there are three cardinal planes, namely, sagittal, frontal, and transverse. Our movements are in fact quite complex since we have multiple actions contributing to any movement. In other words, we rarely perform an isolated movement with one limb that is confined to a particular plane. Our movements also involve both straight and rotational movements which we refer to as linear and angular motion. Thus our movements combine both linear and angular motion components. Both linear and angular are pure forms of motion in their isolated state but most of our movements are not isolated. Therefore, since our movements require multiple joints and limbs to act together we also refer to a combination term as general movement. The basic definition for linear motion is motion along a straight line or a curved line with all body parts moving in the same direction at the same speed. If you think about this youll realize this would be quite difficult because when a human runs, their arms and legs are swinging back and forth and the trunk simply moves forward. Therefore, we use some other terms to describe motion. Rectilinear: motion a long a straight line. Imagine a skater gliding on the ice. All body parts are moving at same speed through same range of motion. Curvilinear: motion along a curved line. Imagine the flight path of a javelin after release. Angular: motion involving rotation around a fixed point. This is actually the type of motion that most of our limbs go through as we move. The difference between angular and curvilinear is that with angular motion any point on the rotating body is always the same distance from the axis of rotation. General: this is a combination motion involving any two or more of the above types of motion. Review Questions: Types of motion 1. Provide a one-word definition and provide two examples of the following (try to use different example from those previously used, or that I gave you): a. Motion along a straight line: b. Motion around a central/fixed point: c. A complex combination of linear and angular motion: d. Motion along a varied path: 2. Fit the following into motion categories: a. A skimming stone on the lake: Curvilinear b. A javelin throw (be careful): Curvilinear c. Skater gliding on the ice: Rectilinear d. A car accelerating on the highway: Rectilinear e. A car decelerating on the highway: Rectilinear f. A plane taking off: Curvilinear g. A 10M platform dive: General h. A soccer kick: Angular 3. In your own words provide a definition for each type of motion we discussed. Basic Terminology In order to correctly describe a movement pattern and end up in a specific position, there needs to be an agreed upon starting position for all basic movements. This agreed upon starting position is referred to as the Anatomical Reference Position. Anatomical Reference Position (AP) This AP is an erect (upright) standing position with feet about shoulder width apart and the palms of the hand facing forward. All body parts are facing forward in the AP position (Please see figure 1.) If you assume this standing position you will notice it is not a natural, relaxed standing position as you must turn your palms outwards. You will notice that you palms naturally want to turn inwards towards your thighs. If you stand in this position with your hands forward it is referred to as the fundamental standing position. It is essentially the same as the anatomical reference position except the palms face inwards. (See figure 2.) When our bodies are in the anatomical reference position, we consider our joints and body parts to be in the neutral or zero degrees position. Therefore, any movement from this AP constitutes a rotation around some joint. The movement away from the AP is then classified or named appropriately. All of the motion that occurs will occur in one (or a combination) of the planes of motion we described earlier in the chapter, i.e., sagittal, frontal, or transverse. Therefore, we can learn body movements according to the plane of motion in which they occur. For example, any extension movement usually occurs in the sagittal plane, abduction or adduction movements occur in the frontal plane and rotational movements occur in the transverse plane. There are numerous types of movement. Lets take a look at these movements according to the plane in which they occur and then we can look at some movements with unique terms due to their particular association with a specific joint. Cardinal Reference Planes Now that we have an agreed starting position we need to look at dividing the body into sections or segments. Some of these segments, such as upper and lower body, will be reviewed later in the chapter. We divide the body into segments so that we can more accurately describe the direction of movements or actions. In the human body we refer to these as cardinal reference planes. These planes are all imaginary lines. A plane is a two dimensional surface with orientation defined by spatial coordinates. Each plane has a corresponding axis around which movements in that plane take place. Having this arrangement allows us further clarity in describing movements. There are three planes in the body that correspond to the three dimensions of space. The orientation is such that each plane is perpendicular to the other two. There is also a relationship between the intersection of these planes and the center of gravity of the body. Since each plane bisects the body, it therefore must pass through the center of gravity. Thus, the center of gravity is defined as that point where the three planes intersect each other. The line of gravity which is slightly different from the center of gravity is simply a vertical line that passes through the center of gravity. Insert figure of planes. Note: All planes could be shown in same figure. A plane is simply a flat surface that divides the body into two parts. All planes are also imaginary lines that divide the body. The sagittal plane is an imaginary line that divides the body vertically into right and left halves of equal mass. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the anteroposterior plane. The imaginary line runs from the front (anterior) to the back (posterior) and also from the top (superior) to the bottom (inferior) of the body. (Please see figure 3.) If you can imagine cutting a bagel in half so you have two semi-circle halves, this would be a sagittal plane cut. Certain movement types, such as flexion and extension movements, are examples of movements occurring in the sagittal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Sagittal Plane Movements Extension a straightening movement resulting in an increased joint angle. Bones move apart. Flexion a bending movement that results in a decreased joint angle. Bones move closer together. Hyperextension a straightening movement where joint extends beyond starting or neutral position. Unique Sagittal Plane Movements Dorsi Flexion flexion movement of the ankle where the top of the foot moves toward the anterior tibia. Plantar Flexion extension movement of the ankle where the toes move away from the body (pointing your toes). The frontal plane divides the body vertically into front and back halves of equal mass. This plane is also sometimes referred to as the lateral or coronal plane and runs side to side dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts. (See figure 4.) If you can imagine slicing your bagel in half to put in the toaster you would make the cut along the frontal plane. Certain movement types, such as abduction and adduction movements, are examples of movements occurring in the frontal plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Frontal Plane Movements Primary Abduction movement away from the body Adduction movement towards the body For example performing a jumping back would require both of these movements Specialized Lateral flexion of the trunk right/left Radial/ulnar deviation (wrist) Elevation/depression (scapula) Inversion/eversion (subtalar foot) The transverse plane is the final plane and divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves of equal mass. It is sometimes referred to as the horizontal plane and runs from side to side and anterior to posterior. Most actions that involve rotation of the whole body (or part of it) occur in the transverse plane. For example, throwing a discus or executing a tennis serve are examples of movements in the transverse plane. Other specific movements also exist. Certain movement types, such as supination and pronation movements, are additional examples of movements occurring in the transverse plane. These movement patterns will be discussed in more detail later. Transverse Plane Movements Primary Internal (medial) rotation External (lateral) rotation Specialized Right/left rotation (head, neck and trunk) Supination/pronation (forearm and whole body) Horizontal adduction/flexion (shoulder joint) Horizontal abduction/extension (shoulder joint) Note 1: All sagittal planes are perpendicular to all frontal planes which, in turn, are perpendicular to all transverse planes. Note 2: One can make many sagittal plane, or frontal plane or transverse plane dissections through the body, but only those that dissect the center of gravity or the mid-point are referred to as cardinal planes. Cardinal Axes Any time a joint moves it moves in a particular plane or combination of planes. At the same time the joint in question is also rotating around an axis. The axis refers to the type of movement of the joint and is directly related to the plane of movement. So, the cardinal axes refer to lines that are perpendicular to a particular cardinal plane. Therefore a movement that occurs in a particular plane always occurs in the same axis, so it is a good idea to learn planes and axes in pairs. The transverse axis is always associated with the sagittal plane. Imagine an axis running perpendicular to the sagtittal plane. It sometimes helps to visualize movements. For example, if someone were to perform a leg extension exercise, this movement would be in the sagittal plane. If you were to insert a bar through the knee and still allow the motion to occur it would have to be placed in the anteroposterior axis, in other words, inserted from the side. This would allow the perpendicular axis to be performed. (See figure ?.) Other terms used for this axis include lateral, medial, or somersault axis. Using the same logic we can now determine the positioning of the axis for the frontal and transverse planes. All frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axis. (This is sometimes called the sagittal, or cartwheel axis.) Using our visual and a cartwheel, we can see the wheel rotates around an axis that would go through the belly somewhere from front to back. (See figure?) All transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axis (or vertical or twist axis). This axis runs from top to bottom or the length of the body segment. Again using the visual of a figure skater doing a pirouette, the pirouette takes place in the transverse plane with a longitudinal axis. Therefore the axis runs through the body from top to bottom. (See figure?) Try these practice problems Planes of Motion 1. Identify three simple movements that occur predominantly in each of the following planes: a: sagittal b: frontal c: transverse 2. Identify three different movement actions that occur in each axis: a: transverse b: anterioposterior c: longitudinal 3. Give the names of the planes and axes in which the following motions occur! a. Stepping up a step? Sagittal, transverse axis. b. Side step with the right leg? Frontal, s anteroposterior axis. c. Shaking your head no? Transverse, longitudinal axis. d. Straight sit-up? Sagittal, transverse axis. e. Side bending of the trunk? Frontal, anteroposterior axis. f. Cartwheel? Frontal, anteroposterior axis. g. Throwing a discus? Transverse, longitudinal axis. h. Throwing a dart? Sagittal, transverse axis. The Plane-Axis Relationship So remember, if we learn our planes and axis in pairs we will easily remember that: All sagittal plane movements occur in the transverse axis! All frontal plane movements occur in the anteroposterior axis! All transverse plane movements occur in the longitudinal axis! This consistent relationship between planes and axis allows you to remember planes and axis more easily. If you can identify either the plane or the axis for a particular movement then you will automatically have figured out the other (provided you remember the pairing). For example, if one evaluates the movement plane and axis of the bicep curl you might easily determine that the movement plane is sagittal. If you identify this correctly then the axis of rotation is automatically the transverse axis. Movement Plane Æ’Â   automatic Æ’Â   Axis of rotation Sagittal Transverse Frontal Anteroposterior Transverse Longitudinal An additional way to help identify planes and axis is to remember that certain anatomical movements are usually associated with a corresponding plane and axis. For example, flexion and extension movements occur in the sagittal plane around the transverse axis. Abduction and adduction occur in the frontal plane around the anteroposterior axis and finally, rotational movements like pronation and supination occur in the transverse plan around the longitudinal axis. We will look more specifically at these movement actions in the next section. Basic Movement Pattern Terminology In each of the three planes several distinct movement patterns occur. However, what is lacking in these descriptive terms is any reference to direction. In other words, if someone performs arm flexion, we dont really know the direction. For that reason we have numerous other terms that we refer to as anatomical directional terminology that provide us with more detailed information about the orientation of a particular movement. These terms have clear cut word root origins. If you can learn these word root meanings, you will be able to piece together the meanings for most of these terms. There are some unique terms like ventral (relating specifically to the belly or abdomen) which youll just have to learn. The list below contains the relevant terms you you learn. Anatomical Directional Terminology I Can you fill in the meaning of each term? Anterior: Front Anteroinferior: Front below Anterolateral: Front side Anteromedial: Front middle Anteroposterior / Anterosuperior: Front rear/ front top Contralateral: Opposite side Distal: Away from origin Dorsal: Back Inferior: (infra) Below Ipsilateral: Same side Lateral: side Medial: Midline Posterior: behind Posteroinferior: / Posterolateral: Behind below/ behind beside Posteromedial: / Posterosuperior: Behind inside/ behind upper Prone: Face down Proximal: Near origin Superior: Above Supine: Face up Ventral: Relating to the belly or abdomen (can also be use mean deep). Anatomical Directional Terminology II Below are some other terms that fall into a general category. Protraction: forward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine. Retraction: backward movement of the shoulder girdle away from the spine. Horizontal abduction: movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane away from the midline. Horizontal adduction: movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane towards the midline Opposition of the thumb: diagonal movement of the thumb across the palmar surface. Upward rotation: Superior movement of the shoulders. Lateral flexion: sideways bending. Hyperextension: Extension beyond normal resting position. Cervical rotation: turning your head left or right. Plane specific movements Sagittal plane movements Dorsiflexion: bringing the top of your foot towards your lower leg. Plantarflexion: extending or planting your foot (pointing your toes away from you). Frontal plane movements Elevation: moving your shoulder girdle (blades) upwards/superior. Depression: moving your girdles downwards/inferior. Eversion: rotating the sole of your foot outwards. Inversion: rotating the sole of your foot inwards. Radial deviation: rotating your hand at the wrist towards your thumb (like hitchhiking). Transverse plane movements Supination: outward rotation of the forearm so palm faces outwards or upwards. Pronation: opposite of supination where forearm rotates so palm faces downward or inwards. Ulnar deviation: rotating your hand towards your ulna (opposite of radial deviation). Whole body Movement Terminology In this category we can consider other terms that apply more generally. Circumduction: circular movement of a body segment. Circumduction involves flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Reduction: a return to the normal resting position. Review Problems: Directional terminology 1. What is the term when one stands erect with palms facing outward? Anatomical reference position From this position what do you call the movement when you:- 2. Bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o bent position? Elbow flexion 3. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm down? Pronation 4. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm up? Supination 5. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, turn your arm out so your fingers are pointing directly away from your side? External/ lateral (outward) rotation 6. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward? Internal/ medial (inward) rotation 7. Straighten your elbow? Extension 8. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor? Abduction 9. Move your arm back down to your side? Adduction 10. Turn your head to the right? 11. Bend forward at the waist? 12. Return to starting position? Review questions: Synonyms Give the synonyms that are used for ankle, spine, and wrist movements in the following list. Also describe using the rule of three and identify the primary cardinal axis! Ankle 1. Dorsiflexion? Foot flexion 2. Plantarflexion? Foot extension Spine 3. Flexion? Bending forward 4. Extension? Standing up 5. Lateral flexion?Bending to side Wrist 6. Radial deviation? Lateral deviation 7. Ulnar deviation? Medial deviation 8. Can you think of any other anatomical movement synonyms? The Rule of Three: Motion Bone Joint The rule of three is a simple anatomical guideline for describing a movement pattern. It allows us to describe a movement in a specific order sequence to allow accurate movement. In the rule of three we refer to the movement type first, for example, flexion or extension. Secondly, we refer to the bone that moves. Thirdly, we refer to the joint around which the action occurs. Hence, we refer to the movement in this sequenced order, i.e., movement Æ’Â   bone Æ’Â   joint. Using this approach really helps with the clarification of particular movement. Look at this example. If you asked your friend to extend their leg they could actually do a couple of things and still extend their leg. They could: Lift their entire leg straight out in front. Push their entire leg straight back. Sit on a chair and straighten out the lower leg. So you see there are several options and it can become confusing. If we use the rule of three we can give very specific instructions. For this movement sequence we would actualy say, Extend your (right) leg at the knee, which would require they perform a knee extension action described in #3 above. This way there is no lack of clarity around which movement is needed. You try the following: Lets use the data from above again. Describe the following movements using the rule of three. The first one is done for you. Start in the AP position. It might be a good idea to briefly define the rule of three here first. From this position how do you describe the movement when you:- 1. Bend your elbow from a fully straight to a 90o bent position? The correct answer is flexion of the forearm at the elbow not flexion of the elbow. 2. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm down? 3. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, but turn your palm up? 4. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm out so that your fingers are pointing directly away from your side? 5. Maintain the 90o elbow bent position, keep your elbow touching your side, and turn your arm back so that your fingers are pointing directly forward? 6. Straighten your elbow? 7. Move your arm laterally away from your side until it is parallel to the floor? 8. Move your arm back down to your side? 9. Turn your head to the right? 10. Bend forward at the waist? 11. Return to starting position? Conclusion In this chapter we have reviewed planes of motions, axis of rotations, the rule of three and some basic anatomical reference terminology. We have also learned that when describing movements we assume a universal starting position that is referred to as the anatomical reference position where one stands erect with hand by ones a side and palms facing inwards. Humans move in one, or a combination of three planes of movement and they are the sagittal, frontal, or transverse planes. Each movement in these planes is associated with the same axis of rotation, either transverse, anteroposterior, or longitudinal. There is a plane-axis relationship whereby each plane of motion is always associated with the same axis of rotation and this allows us to remember the planes and axis more easily. When we describe human movement we also use what is called the rule of three. In the rule of three we describe movement using the sequence of bone, movement, and joint. Using this approach a bicep curl wou ld be flexion of the forearm and the elbow. Using this basic language and the above guidelines we can ore accurately describe human movements. You will notice that there is often more than one term to describe a particular movement. Over the years different terminology has evolved and it is wise to learn the different terms that imply the same thing. For example, external rotation is the same as lateral rotation. In this text we provide you with the most accurate terms first but we will provide the alternative terminology where appropriate.

Internet Taxation and the Expansion of E-Commerce Essay example -- Tax

Internet Taxation and the Expansion of E-Commerce Internet taxation is an issue concerning different aspects of the Internet and its taxing. The taxes include: (1) taxes imposed upon Internet access fees, (2) sales taxes charged to online businesses selling to other businesses, and (3) sales taxes charged to consumers buying from a business. This is a very important issue as Internet sales continue to increase and as more business is conducted over the Internet. Because of this, revenue is not being pumped into state and local economies as much for lack of purchasing at local stores, and economies’ revenues are suffering as a result. Taxes could be imposed on Internet purchases, but this would in turn affect those businesses who conduct their business online, either business-to-business or business-to-consumer, and those consumers who shop online. Internet Taxation: What it is and Why it is Important As already stated, Internet taxation is the imposition of taxes on Internet access fees and taxes that could be added to goods, services, properties, and information purchased over the Internet. In 1998, Congress passed the Internet Tax Freedom Act which established an Advisory Commission on Electronic Commerce. This Commission was set up to study federal, state and local, and international taxation and tariff issues concerning purchases over the Internet, and everything else along with electronic commerce. Electronic commerce, or e-commerce, is â€Å"any transaction conducted over the Internet or through Internet access, comprising the sale, lease, license, offer, or delivery of property, goods, services, or information, whether or not for consideration, and includes the provision of Internet access.† (The Internet Tax... ...mmission on Electronic Commerce, Mar. 8, 2005, http://www.ecommercecommission.org/ITFA.htm Lassman, Kent 2001, The Internet Tax Freedom Act: Congress Could Put an End to Tax Confusion, The Federalist Society, Mar. 8, 2005, http://www.fed-soc.org/Publications/practicegroupnewsletters/telecommunications/tc020102.htm Maguire, Steven Dec. 12, 2000, RL30431: Internet Transactions and the Sales Tax, Congress, Mar. 8, 2005, http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/ Science/st-65.cfm?&CFID=19433234&CFTOKEN=43272686#_1_3 Nellen, Annette Sept. 26, 2001, Overview to E-Commerce Taxation Issues, San Jose Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce, Mar. 8, 2005, http://www.cob.sjsu.edu/ facstaff/nellen_a/ECTaxUpdate9-01.doc Taxes-Background on Internet Taxation, January 2001, Association of American Universities, Mar. 8, 2005, http://www.aau.edu/sheets/InternetTax.html